/* ============================================================
   VINUM GUPTA — Design System
   Distinguished Engineer / Editorial Precision
   ============================================================ */

*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

/* ── TOKENS ── */
:root {
  --bg:       #f5f1eb;
  --ink:      #0d0c0b;
  --mid:      #6a635c;
  --faint:    #ddd8cf;
  --accent:   #9c4a3a;
  --accent2:  #b85c4a;
  --dark:     #0e0b09;
  --dark2:    #181210;
  --col:      680px;
  --pad:      clamp(28px, 6vw, 96px);
  --progress: 0%;
}

/* ── BASE ── */
html { scroll-behavior: smooth; font-size: 16px; }

body {
  background: var(--bg);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: 'Instrument Sans', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1.7;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  cursor: none;
}

::selection { background: var(--accent); color: var(--bg); }

/* ── CUSTOM CURSOR ── */
#cursor {
  position: fixed;
  width: 10px; height: 10px;
  background: var(--accent);
  border-radius: 50%;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: 9999;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  transition: transform 0.08s ease, width 0.3s ease, height 0.3s ease, background 0.3s ease;
  mix-blend-mode: multiply;
}
#cursor-ring {
  position: fixed;
  width: 36px; height: 36px;
  border: 1px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: 50%;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: 9998;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  transition: transform 0.18s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1), width 0.4s ease, height 0.4s ease, opacity 0.3s ease;
  opacity: 0.5;
}
body:hover #cursor { opacity: 1; }
body.cursor-hover #cursor { width: 6px; height: 6px; background: var(--ink); }
body.cursor-hover #cursor-ring { width: 52px; height: 52px; opacity: 0.2; }
body.cursor-dark #cursor { background: var(--bg); mix-blend-mode: normal; }
body.cursor-dark #cursor-ring { border-color: var(--bg); }

/* ── PROGRESS BAR ── */
#progress-bar {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0; left: 0;        /* sits above everything — including nav */
  height: 2px;
  width: var(--progress);
  background: var(--accent);
  z-index: 1001;           /* above nav z-index 800 */
  pointer-events: none;
  transition: width 0.1s linear;
}

/* ── GRAIN OVERLAY ── */
.grain {
  position: fixed;
  inset: -200%;
  width: 400%; height: 400%;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: 9997;
  opacity: 0.032;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 256 256' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cfilter id='n'%3E%3CfeTurbulence type='fractalNoise' baseFrequency='0.9' numOctaves='4' stitchTiles='stitch'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' filter='url(%23n)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  animation: grain 0.8s steps(1) infinite;
}
@keyframes grain {
  0%  { transform: translate(0,   0); }
  10% { transform: translate(-2%, -3%); }
  20% { transform: translate(3%,  1%); }
  30% { transform: translate(-1%, 4%); }
  40% { transform: translate(4%, -2%); }
  50% { transform: translate(-3%, 3%); }
  60% { transform: translate(2%, -4%); }
  70% { transform: translate(-4%, 1%); }
  80% { transform: translate(1%, -1%); }
  90% { transform: translate(-2%, 4%); }
  100%{ transform: translate(3%, -2%); }
}

/* ── NAV ── */
nav {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;
  z-index: 800;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 20px var(--pad);
  background: transparent;
  transition: background 0.4s ease, box-shadow 0.4s ease;
}
nav.scrolled {
  background: rgba(245, 241, 235, 0.94);
  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 0 var(--faint);
}
.nav-logo {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: 15px;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;  /* matches contact-hed tracking */
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
}
nav.scrolled .nav-logo { opacity: 1; }
.nav-logo-short { display: none; }
nav.scrolled .nav-logo-full { display: none; }
nav.scrolled .nav-logo-short { display: inline; }

.nav-links { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 36px; }
.nav-hamburger { display: none; } /* overridden to flex inside @media mobile */
.nav-drawer { display: none; }    /* overridden to flex inside @media mobile */
.nav-links a {
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--mid);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: color 0.2s;
  position: relative;
}
.nav-links a::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -2px; left: 0; right: 0;
  height: 1px;
  background: var(--accent);
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transform-origin: left;
  transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
}
.nav-links a:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.nav-links a:hover::after,
.nav-links a.active::after { transform: scaleX(1); }
.nav-links a.active { color: var(--ink); }
.nav-cta {
  background: var(--accent) !important;
  color: var(--bg) !important;
  padding: 9px 22px !important;
  border-radius: 2px;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em !important;
  transition: background 0.25s ease, opacity 0.25s ease !important;
}
.nav-cta::after { display: none !important; }
.nav-cta:hover { background: var(--ink) !important; color: var(--bg) !important; opacity: 1 !important; }

/* ── HERO ── */
#hero {
  min-height: 100svh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 96px var(--pad) 96px; /* equal top/bottom — 64px nav + 32px breathing */
  position: relative;
  overflow: clip; /* clip not hidden — doesn't create scroll container, prevents descendant clip */
}

.hero-index {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0; left: 28px;
  bottom: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 0;
  pointer-events: none;
  width: 16px;
}
.hero-index-line {
  width: 1px;
  flex: 1;
  max-height: 100px;
  background: var(--faint);
}
.hero-index-num {
  font-size: 12px; /* WCAG minimum — raised from 9px */
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  color: var(--mid); /* raised from --faint for legibility */
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  padding: 16px 0;
  white-space: nowrap;
}


.hero-name {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(52px, 8vw, 112px); /* editorial scale — not billboard */
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.15;
  letter-spacing: -0.035em;
  color: var(--accent);
  margin-bottom: 0;
  margin-left: -0.035em;
  padding-bottom: 0.18em; /* generous — catches g, p, y descenders at large sizes */
  will-change: transform, opacity;
}
.hero-name .name-rule {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 1px;
  background: transparent; /* rule removed — was visually splitting the hero */
  margin: 32px 0;
  transform-origin: left;
  will-change: transform;
}

.hero-body {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 64px;
  max-width: 960px;
  padding-top: 44px;
  will-change: transform, opacity;
}

.hero-descriptor {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(17px, 2vw, 22px);
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.55;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.hero-sub {
  font-size: 14.5px;
  font-weight: 300;
  color: var(--mid);
  line-height: 1.9;
}

.hero-stats {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  max-width: 960px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--faint);
  margin-top: 56px;
  will-change: transform, opacity;
}
.hero-stat {
  padding: 36px 36px 36px 0;
  border-right: 1px solid var(--faint);
}
.hero-stat:last-child { border-right: none; }
.hero-stat:not(:first-child) { padding-left: 36px; }

.stat-fig {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(24px, 2.8vw, 34px);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2;
  padding-bottom: 0.08em;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}
.stat-fig mark { background: none; color: var(--accent); }
.stat-label { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; color: var(--mid); line-height: 1.5; }

.hero-scroll {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 36px; right: var(--pad);
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--mid);
  display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;
  will-change: opacity;
}
.hero-scroll::before {
  content: '';
  width: 32px; height: 1px;
  background: var(--faint);
}

/* ── SHARED CHAPTER ── */
.chapter {
  min-height: 100svh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 120px var(--pad);
  position: relative;
}
.chapter-center, .chapter-wide {
  max-width: calc(var(--col) + var(--pad) * 2);
  margin: 0 auto;
}
.chapter-wide {
  max-width: 1120px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.ch-eyebrow {
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent);
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px;
}
.ch-eyebrow::before {
  content: '';
  width: 24px; height: 1px;
  background: var(--accent);
  flex-shrink: 0;
}

.ch-hed {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(28px, 4.2vw, 52px);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: 72px;
  padding-bottom: 0.1em;
}
.ch-hed em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; }

.body-txt {
  font-size: 16.5px;
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 2;
  color: #3a3733;
  margin-bottom: 28px;
}
.body-txt:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; }

/* Pull quote */
.pq {
  margin: 72px 0 0;
  padding: 0 0 0 32px;
  border-left: 2px solid var(--accent);
}
.pq p {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(18px, 2.4vw, 26px);
  font-style: italic;
  line-height: 1.55;
  color: var(--ink);
}

/* Drop cap on premise */
#about .body-txt:first-child::first-letter {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: 3.6em;  /* reduced — was 4.4em causing clip */
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1;    /* raised from 0.78 — prevents descender clip */
  float: left;
  margin: 0.04em 0.12em 0 0;
  color: var(--accent);
}

/* ── CASES ── */
.case-list { margin-top: 0; }

.case {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--faint);
  padding: 0;
  cursor: none;
  position: relative;
}
.case:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--faint); }

/* Left accent bar */
.case::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  left: 0; top: 0; bottom: 0;
  width: 2px;
  background: var(--accent);
  transform: scaleY(0);
  transform-origin: top;
  transition: transform 0.5s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
}
.case:hover::before, .case.open::before { transform: scaleY(1); }

/* case-head is a <button> — reset browser defaults first */
.case-head {
  appearance: none;
  background: none;
  border: none;
  width: 100%;
  text-align: left;
  cursor: pointer;
  font-family: inherit;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 52px 1fr 40px;
  gap: 20px;
  align-items: start; /* top-aligned — consistent across all case rows */
  padding: 56px 0 56px 20px;
  transition: padding 0.3s;
}
.case.open .case-head { padding-bottom: 32px; }

.case-n {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--accent);
  padding-top: 5px;
  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
}

.case-title {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(16px, 2vw, 21px);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.4;
  color: var(--ink);
  transition: color 0.2s;
}
.case:hover .case-title { color: var(--accent); }

.case-icon {
  width: 36px; height: 36px;
  border: 1px solid var(--faint);
  border-radius: 50%;
  display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  margin-top: 2px;
  transition: border-color 0.2s, background 0.2s;
}
.case:hover .case-icon, .case.open .case-icon {
  border-color: var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent);
}
.case-icon svg {
  width: 10px; height: 10px;
  stroke: var(--mid); fill: none; stroke-width: 2;
  transition: transform 0.5s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1), stroke 0.2s;
}
.case:hover .case-icon svg, .case.open .case-icon svg { stroke: var(--bg); }
.case.open .case-icon svg { transform: rotate(180deg); }

.case-pills {
  display: flex; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap;
  padding: 0 0 0 72px;
  margin-top: -28px;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
  opacity: 0;
  transform: translateY(4px);
  transition: opacity 0.3s, transform 0.3s;
}
.case:hover .case-pills { opacity: 1; transform: none; }
.case.open .case-pills { opacity: 1; transform: none; }

.pill {
  font-size: 11px; font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.07em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--mid);
  border: 1px solid var(--faint);
  padding: 5px 14px;
  border-radius: 20px;
}

.case-body {
  overflow: hidden;
  max-height: 0;
  transition: max-height 0.7s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
}
.case.open .case-body { max-height: 1200px; }

.case-inner { padding: 0 0 64px 72px; }

/* Outcome figure — editorial full bleed number */
.outcome-top {
  padding: 36px 0 40px;
  margin-bottom: 44px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--faint);
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 36px;
}
.o-fig {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(52px, 7vw, 88px);
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.15;
  padding-bottom: 0.12em; /* catch descenders on figures like ₹, 3× */
  white-space: nowrap;
  letter-spacing: -0.03em;
}
.o-desc {
  font-size: 13.5px;
  font-weight: 300;
  color: var(--mid);
  line-height: 1.7;
  border-left: 2px solid var(--faint);
  padding-left: 28px;
}

.case-hook {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(15px, 1.8vw, 18px);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.45;
  color: var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: 32px;
}

.step { margin-bottom: 24px; display: flex; gap: 24px; }
.step-lbl {
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.2em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent);
  min-width: 76px; padding-top: 4px; flex-shrink: 0;
}
.step-txt { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.85; color: #48433e; }

/* ── POV ── */
.pov-runway {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 1px;
  background: var(--faint);
  border: 1px solid var(--faint);
  perspective: 1200px;
}

.pov-tile {
  background: #ede9e0;
  padding: 64px 56px;
  position: relative;
  overflow: visible; /* was hidden — was clipping ghost number at edges */
  transition: background 0.35s ease, transform 0.45s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
  will-change: transform;
}
.pov-tile:hover {
  background: #e6e0d5;
  transform: rotateX(1.5deg) rotateY(-1.5deg) translateZ(4px);
  z-index: 2;
}
.pov-tile.full {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
}
.pov-tile.full:hover {
  transform: rotateX(1deg) rotateY(0deg) translateZ(4px);
}

.pov-number {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(48px, 5.5vw, 72px); /* restored — ghost number at 72px is correct */
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--faint);
  line-height: 1.2;
  position: absolute;
  top: 16px; right: 20px;
  letter-spacing: -0.04em;
  pointer-events: none;
  transition: color 0.35s, transform 0.45s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
}
.pov-tile:hover .pov-number {
  color: #ddd6ca;
  transform: scale(1.04) translateX(-4px);
}

.pov-domain {
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.16em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent);
  margin-bottom: 22px;
  position: relative; z-index: 1;
}

.pov-stmt {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(15px, 1.7vw, 19px);
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--ink);
  position: relative; z-index: 1;
  /* ghost number is absolute positioned — doesn't affect text flow */
}
.pov-stmt em { font-style: italic; color: var(--mid); }

.pov-tile.full .pov-stmt {
  max-width: 80%; /* use 80% of tile width — was 700px fixed, left too much whitespace */
  font-size: clamp(16px, 1.9vw, 21px);
}

/* ── BUILDING — dark ── */
#building-section {
  background: var(--dark);
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  min-height: 100svh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: center;
}

.building-noise {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  opacity: 0.04;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 200 200' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cfilter id='n'%3E%3CfeTurbulence type='fractalNoise' baseFrequency='0.75' numOctaves='4' stitchTiles='stitch'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' filter='url(%23n)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  pointer-events: none;
  animation: buildingNoise 1.2s steps(1) infinite;
}
@keyframes buildingNoise {
  0%  { transform: translate(0, 0); }
  25% { transform: translate(-1%, 1%); }
  50% { transform: translate(1%, -1%); }
  75% { transform: translate(-1%, -1%); }
  100%{ transform: translate(1%, 1%); }
}

.building-glow {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background:
    radial-gradient(ellipse 55% 45% at 75% 20%, rgba(156,74,58,.1) 0%, transparent 65%),
    radial-gradient(ellipse 40% 30% at 25% 80%, rgba(184,92,74,.06) 0%, transparent 60%);
  pointer-events: none;
}

.building-inner {
  padding: 120px var(--pad);
  max-width: calc(var(--col) + var(--pad) * 2);
  margin: 0 auto;
  position: relative; z-index: 1;
}

.b-eyebrow {
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.22em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent2);
  text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px;
  display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 14px;
}
.b-eyebrow::before, .b-eyebrow::after {
  content: '';
  width: 24px; height: 1px;
  background: var(--accent2);
  opacity: 0.5;
}

.b-hed {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(26px, 3.8vw, 46px);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.25;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  color: var(--bg);
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 80px;
  padding-bottom: 0.1em;
}
.b-hed em { font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; color: #a09880; } /* raised from #7a7068 — better contrast on dark */

.venture-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  gap: 1px;
  background: #1e1612;
}

.venture-card {
  background: var(--dark2);
  padding: 64px 52px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  transition: background 0.4s ease;
}
.venture-card::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  transition: border-color 0.4s ease;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.venture-card:hover { background: #1c1410; }
.venture-card:hover::after { border-color: rgba(156,74,58,0.35); }

.v-tag {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: #d4806a; /* raised from #b85c4a (4.12:1) → ~5.2:1 on dark — passes AA */
  border: 1px solid rgba(212,128,106,0.35);
  padding: 5px 14px;
  border-radius: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
  align-self: flex-start;
}

.v-name {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(19px, 2.3vw, 26px);
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--bg);
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  line-height: 1.25;
  margin-bottom: 28px;
}

.v-body {
  font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1.85; color: #b0a89e; /* raised from #6a6258 (3.09:1) → ~5.5:1 on dark */
  flex: 1;
  margin-bottom: 40px;
}
.v-body strong { color: #d4ccc4; font-weight: 400; } /* clearly legible on dark */

.v-facts {
  border-top: 1px solid #1e1612;
  padding-top: 28px;
}
.v-fact {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 88px 1fr;
  gap: 0 20px;
  align-items: baseline;
  padding: 10px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #161210;
}
.v-fact:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
.v-fact-label {
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: #8a8078; /* raised from near-invisible #2e2822 on dark bg */
}
.v-fact-text { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 300; color: #a09890; line-height: 1.6; } /* raised contrast */

.b-footnote {
  font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1.85; color: #9a9088; /* raised from #4a4540 (2.03:1) → ~5.5:1 on dark */
  margin-top: 56px;
  text-align: center;
  position: relative; z-index: 1;
}
.b-footnote a {
  color: #d4806a; /* raised from accent2 #b85c4a (4.12:1) → 6.26:1 on dark — passes AA */
  text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(212,128,106,0.5);
  transition: border-color 0.2s, color 0.2s;
}
.b-footnote a:hover { color: var(--bg); border-color: var(--bg); }

/* ── WRITING ── */
.writing-sub {
  font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;
  color: var(--mid); line-height: 1.9;
  max-width: 460px;
  margin: 0 auto 64px;
}

.article {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 36px;
  padding: 28px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--faint);
  text-decoration: none;
  position: relative;
  overflow: clip; /* clip not hidden — allows absolute children to overflow without creating scroll container */
  transition: padding-left 0.35s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
}
.article::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  left: 0; top: 0; bottom: 0;
  width: 2px;
  background: var(--accent);
  transform: scaleY(0);
  transform-origin: bottom;
  transition: transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);
}
.article:hover { padding-left: 16px; }
.article:hover::before { transform: scaleY(1); }
.article:last-of-type { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--faint); }

.article-meta {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 6px;
  flex: 1;
}
.article-title {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 18px);
  font-weight: 400;
  color: var(--ink);
  line-height: 1.4;
  transition: color 0.2s;
}
.article:hover .article-title { color: var(--accent); }

.article-tag {
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--mid); /* raised from --faint (1.26:1) to --mid (5.25:1) */
}

.a-arrow {
  font-size: 20px;
  color: var(--accent);
  flex-shrink: 0;
  transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1), opacity 0.3s;
  opacity: 0.5;
}
.article:hover .a-arrow { transform: translateX(8px); opacity: 1; }

.writing-cta-wrap { text-align: center; margin-top: 52px; }
.substack-cta {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  transition: color 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
}
.substack-cta:hover { color: var(--accent); }

/* ── CONTACT ── */
#contact {
  background: var(--bg);
  min-height: 100svh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: center;
}

.contact-hed {
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(40px, 8vw, 108px);
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: -0.038em;
  line-height: 1.2;
  padding-top: 0.08em;   /* catch ascenders on V, G */
  padding-bottom: 0.28em; /* generous — catches g, p, y at 108px scale */
  color: var(--ink);
  margin-bottom: 52px;
}
.contact-hed span { color: var(--accent); }

.contact-note {
  font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300;
  color: var(--mid); line-height: 1.85;
  max-width: 400px;
  margin-bottom: 56px;
}

.contact-email {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 16px;
  font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
  font-size: clamp(17px, 2.2vw, 24px);
  color: var(--ink);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink);
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  transition: color 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;
}
.contact-email:hover { color: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); }

/* ── FOOTER ── */
footer {
  padding: 28px var(--pad);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--faint);
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 20px;
}
.footer-ts { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; color: var(--mid); } /* raised from faint (1.26:1) to mid (5.25:1) */
.footer-links { display: flex; gap: 28px; }
.footer-links a {
  font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--mid);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: color 0.2s;
  min-height: 44px; /* WCAG 2.5.5 touch target */
  display: inline-flex; align-items: center;
}
.footer-links a:hover { color: var(--ink); }

/* ── FOCUS VISIBLE — keyboard navigation ── */
:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: 3px;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.nav-links a:focus-visible,
.nav-cta:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: 4px;
}
.case-head:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: -2px;
}
.article:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--accent);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* ── REVEAL SYSTEM — GSAP owns all animation, CSS just structures ── */
[data-reveal] { overflow: visible; }
.reveal-wrap  { overflow: hidden; display: block; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-top: 0.1em; } /* generous clip buffer — 0.25em catches italic descenders at any size */
.reveal-line  { display: block; will-change: transform; margin-bottom: -0.25em; } /* compensate reveal-wrap padding */
.reveal-eyebrow { will-change: opacity, transform; }
.fade-up      { will-change: transform, opacity; }
.slide-in     { will-change: transform, opacity; }

/* ── RESPONSIVE ── */
@media (max-width: 768px) {

  /* ── NAV ── */
  nav { padding: 16px var(--pad); }
  .nav-links a:not(.nav-cta) { display: none; }
  /* Hamburger button visible on mobile */
  .nav-hamburger {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 5px;
    width: 36px; height: 36px;
    background: none; border: none;
    cursor: pointer; padding: 4px;
    margin-right: 8px;
  }
  .nav-hamburger span {
    display: block;
    width: 22px; height: 1.5px;
    background: var(--ink);
    transition: transform 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease;
    transform-origin: center;
  }
  .nav-hamburger.open span:nth-child(1) { transform: translateY(6.5px) rotate(45deg); }
  .nav-hamburger.open span:nth-child(2) { opacity: 0; }
  .nav-hamburger.open span:nth-child(3) { transform: translateY(-6.5px) rotate(-45deg); }

  /* Mobile nav drawer */
  .nav-drawer {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0;
    background: var(--bg);
    z-index: 700;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 40px;
    opacity: 0;
    pointer-events: none;
    transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
  }
  .nav-drawer.open { opacity: 1; pointer-events: all; }
  .nav-drawer a {
    font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;
    font-size: clamp(28px, 8vw, 40px);
    font-weight: 400;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-decoration: none;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    transition: color 0.2s;
  }
  .nav-drawer a:hover { color: var(--accent); }
  .nav-drawer .nav-cta {
    font-family: 'Instrument Sans', sans-serif;
    font-size: 13px !important;
    background: var(--accent) !important;
    color: var(--bg) !important;
    padding: 12px 32px !important;
    border-radius: 2px;
  }

  /* ── HERO ── */
  .hero-index { display: none; }
  #hero { padding: 88px var(--pad) 80px; }
  .hero-body { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 28px; padding-top: 32px; }
  .hero-stats {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    margin-top: 40px;
  }
  .hero-stat { padding: 24px 20px 24px 0; }
  .hero-stat:not(:first-child) { padding-left: 20px; }
  .hero-stat:nth-child(2) { border-right: none; }
  .hero-stat:nth-child(3) { border-top: 1px solid var(--faint); border-right: 1px solid var(--faint); }
  .hero-stat:nth-child(4) { border-top: 1px solid var(--faint); }
  .hero-scroll { display: none; }

  /* ── CHAPTERS ── */
  .chapter { min-height: auto; padding: 80px var(--pad); }
  #building-section { min-height: auto; padding: 80px 0; }

  /* ── CASE ACCORDION ── */
  .case-head {
    grid-template-columns: 36px 1fr 32px;
    gap: 12px;
    padding: 32px 0 32px 12px;
  }
  .case.open .case-head { padding-bottom: 20px; }
  .case-inner { padding: 0 0 40px 20px; }
  .case-pills { padding-left: 20px; margin-top: -16px; }
  .outcome-top { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
  .o-fig { font-size: clamp(40px, 12vw, 64px); }
  .o-desc { border-left: none; padding-left: 0; border-top: 2px solid var(--faint); padding-top: 16px; }
  .step { flex-direction: column; gap: 4px; }
  .step-lbl { padding-top: 0; }

  /* ── POV ── */
  .pov-runway { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .pov-tile { padding: 40px 32px; }
  .pov-tile.full { grid-column: 1; }
  .pov-tile.full .pov-stmt { max-width: 100%; }

  /* ── BUILDING ── */
  .venture-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .venture-card { padding: 40px 32px; }
  .v-fact { grid-template-columns: 72px 1fr; }
  .building-inner { padding: 0 var(--pad); }

  /* ── WRITING ── */
  .article { gap: 16px; }
  .writing-sub { margin-bottom: 40px; }

  /* ── CONTACT ── */
  .contact-hed { font-size: clamp(36px, 11vw, 72px); margin-bottom: 36px; }
  .contact-note { max-width: 100%; margin-bottom: 40px; }

  /* ── FOOTER ── */
  footer { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; gap: 14px; }
}

/* ── REDUCED MOTION — disable all animation for vestibular users ── */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
  .grain { display: none; }
  #cursor, #cursor-ring { display: none; }
  #progress-bar { display: none; }
}

/* ── KEYFRAMES — grain only, hero is GSAP ── */